bielefeld–wesleyan theory of history workshop

metahistorical categories and beliefs 

in historical writing

november 2–3, 2023 @ wesleyan university

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November 2–3, 2023 @ Wesleyan University

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Image by Polina Kondrashova.

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In this workshop, participants took up the ways that historians and other scholars who work on the past often do so by employing meta- or extra-historical categories and definitions. One way to illustrate this move is through recourse to Reinhart Koselleck’s own deployment of such a mechanism in his famous essay “‘Erfahrungsraum’ und ‘Erwartungshorizont’—Zwei historische Kategorien,” or “‘Space of Experience’ and ‘Horizon of Expectation’: Two Historical Categories.” Koselleck tells us that both experience and expectation are anthropological givens that are applicable at all times and in all places and, as such, are not historical but metahistorical. What’s more, “without [such] metahistorical definitions directed toward the temporality of history we would, in using our terms in the course of empirical research, get caught up in the vortex of its historicization” (“‘Space of Experience’ and ‘Horizon of Expectation,’” in Futures Past, 259). (“Ohne eine metahistorische Bestimmung, die auf die Zeitlichkeit der Geschichte zielt, würden wir bei der Verwendung unserer Ausdrücke in der emprischen Forschung sofort in den endlosen Strudel ihrer Historisierung geraten” [“‘Erfahrungsraum’ und ‘Erwartungshorizont,’” in Vergangene Zukunft, 354]). Here and elsewhere, Koselleck argues that, for history to make sense and to avoid the conundrum of getting caught in a vortex or maelstrom of its own historicization, we require categories that are extra-historical to serve as a guide or lodestar. This use of meta-history actually differs little from that of Thucydides in The History of the Peloponnesian War, wherein he concludes that those readers “who want to look into the truth of what was done in the past—which, given the human condition, will recur in the future, either in the same fashion or nearly so—will find this History valuable enough, as this was composed to be a lasting possession and not to be heard for a prize at the moment of a contest” (“On Historical Method,” i. 20.2-22). For Thucydides, it is an emphasis on the structural repetition of social-psychological processes or a permanent human condition that is an ahistorical vector outside of time and place, and this allows for all aspects of the past to be explained from the vantage of the present and even a future present.

Such meta-historical definitions or categories are not restricted to issues of temporality or psychology but can be seen in all forms of historical discourse. The Cambridge school’s use of “context” as the cipher to determine historical meaning can be seen in this light, as can the use of “moral” or “ethical” standards. In short, meta-historical categories or definitions are ones that do not change over time or due to place but that can serve as constants that enable the historian or scholar of the past to the keep that past separate from the present. Crucially, these metahistorical categories often go undetected as an organization principle that enables the historian to make claims about the past but that is itself not investigated. In this workshop, we interrogated these categories and definitions.

In this way, “metahistorical categories/definitions” served as an umbrella theme that enabled each of our participants to look for the use of such extra-historical mechanisms in works of history or topics that coincide with their particular interest. This fostered temporal, geographical, topical, and methodological diversity, but it also enabled us to explore this phenomenon in multiple context or modes of deployment. Each participant presented a short position paper that asked, What kind of extra- or meta-historical definition/category is deployed in any given historical work?

participants

  • Franz-Josef Arlinghaus received his doctorate in Münster in 1997 with a thesis on the account books of the Datini/di Berto Handeslgesellschaft in Avigon and Prato, respectively ("Zwischen Notiz und Bilanz," Münster 2000). In 2007, he completed his habilitation in Kassel on the court system of the city of Cologne in the late Middle Ages (Inklusion/Exklusion, Cologne et al. 2018). After positions at the Max Planck Institute for Legal History and a professorship at the University of Vechta, he has been a professor at Bielefeld University since 2009.

    In addition to the research fields already mentioned, Franz Arlinghaus has published on individuality in the High and Late Middle Ages, as well as on rituals and on questions of orality and writing. He is currently working on processes of change in the pre-modern era, which he is trying to capture with the theoretical approach of “self-dynamics,” as well as “time as argument” in historical research.

  • Britta Hochkirchen is a postdoctoral research fellow at the chair for early modern and modern art history in the department of art history and cultural studies at Friedrich Schiller University Jena. From 2017 until now, she has been the principal investigator of two sub-projects in the collaborative research centre 1288 “Practices of Comparing” at Bielefeld University. This context gave rise to the research project “‘Modernity’ in Relation: Curatorial Practices of Comparing in Twentieth-Century Art Exhibitions,” which explores curatorial practices from the perspective of historical-theoretical notions of temporality. Her other research interests include art in the age of Enlightenment (Bildkritik im Zeitalter der Aufklärung: Jean-Baptiste Greuzes Darstellungen der verlorenen Unschuld, Ästhetik um 1800, vol. 12 [Göttingen, 2018]) and the role of the image in theory of history (e.g., “Beyond Representation: Pictorial Temporality and the Relational Time of the Event,” History and Theory 60, no. 1 [March 2021], 102–16, and with Bettina Brandt [eds.], Reinhart Koselleck und das Bild [Bielefeld, 2021]).

  • Jana Kristin Hoffmann is a research associate at Bielefeld University. Currently, she works on methodological and theoretical approaches to forgetting. She is interested in various aspects, forms and modes of forgetting in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany, such as how forgetting functions through the transformation of knowledge, space, time, and objects as well as how historical forgetting can be narrated. After studying history, Protestant theology, and educational science in Münster (2004-11), she completed her PhD in contemporary history in Bielefeld (2014-19). Her dissertation was awarded a prize for the best dissertation in the year 2020 (from the Arbeitskreis historische Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung). Her first book, Die Sexualisierung der Religion im 20. Jahrhundert: Diskurse um Sexualität, Familie und Geschlecht in der Methodistischen Kirche in den USA, explored religious debates about sex education, abortion, and homosexuality. She analyzed the influence of these issues on the conceptualization of religious communities and religious decision-making processes.

  • Ethan Kleinberg is Editor-in-Chief of History and Theory and Class of 1958 Distinguished Professor of History and Letters, Wesleyan University. He works on the acrobatics of modern thought and his wide-ranging scholarly work spans across the fields of history, philosophy, comparative literature and religion. His research interests include European intellectual history, critical theory, educational structures, and the theory and philosophy of history.

  • Valeria López Fadul is an Assistant Professor of History and Latin American Studies at Wesleyan University. She is interested in the philosophy of language and history of science and researches the way knowledge was made and circulated in early Latin America and across the Iberian world. Her book, The Cradle of Words: Language and Knowledge in the Spanish Empire (under advanced contract), reconstructs the beliefs and practices with which sixteenth-century humanists, missionaries, and crown officials governed Spanish America’s multilingual domains. Currently, she is beginning archival research on a second book about early modern understandings of riverine environments, which will focus especially on the Magdalena River in modern-day Colombia.

  • Maja-Lisa is a member of the art history working unit in the faculty of history since 2017. In 2022 she defended her PhD thesis on renaissance intarsia with the title "Split Images. Techniques, Materialities and Media of Intarsia". Currently she is working on a post-doctoral project on the visual knowledge in early mycology and, deriving from the thesis, continues to think about containers, vessels and chests. Her broader interest lies in images as epistemic objects and the way different media shape them.

  • Lisa Regazzoni is Professor of Theory of History at the University of Bielefeld. She studied philosophy at the Universities of Bologna and Heidelberg and gained a PhD in Philosophy at the University of Potsdam in 2006. After several fellowships in Paris (Centre Alexandre Koyré, German Historical Institute Paris, EHESS), in London (German Historical Institute), and at Princeton (Institute for Advanced Study), she qualified as a professor of modern history at Goethe University in Frankfurt in 2019.

    Her teaching and research interests include theory and history of historiography from the early modern period, epistemology of historical materials, the history and theory of scientific collecting, and the French history of knowledge and ideas. Her most recent publications are: Im Zwischenraum der Dinge, dedicated to Koselleck’s Figure Collection; “Unintentional Monuments, or the Materializing of an Open Past,” History and Theory 61 (2022); and the monograph Geschichtsdinge . . . (an English translation will be published under the title The Gallic Past and French Historical Research in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century by Routledge in 2024).

  • Jannik Seidler is a graduate student in history and German studies at Bielefeld University, having previously studied history, classical and German philology at the University of Göttingen. His theoretical interests focus on the postmodern condition and its postsecular implications. He is a student representative at the Board of the Bielefeld Center for Theories in Historical Research.

  • David Gary Shaw is professor of history and medieval studies at Wesleyan University. A graduate of McGill University in philosophy and history, he completed his doctoral work at Balliol College in the University of Oxford. He has always taught at Wesleyan University, and has been associate editor of History & Theory since 1996, editing or co-editing six theme issues. As a medieval historian, he is completing a study of mobility and communication in England, called “Travelling to the Future: Networks of Modernity in the Middle Ages” and previously published two books: The Creation of a Community: The City of Wells in the Middle Ages (1993) and Necessary Conjunctions: The Social Self in the Middle Ages (2005).

  • Courtney Weiss Smith is an associate professor in the Department of English at Wesleyan University. She is an associate editor at History and Theory and coeditor, with James Noggle, of a substantively revised 11th edition of the Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. C, The Restoration and Eighteenth Century (forthcoming, 2023). Her first book, Empiricist Devotions: Science, Religion, and Poetry in Early Eighteenth-Century England (University of Virginia Press, 2016), won the Walker Cowen Memorial Prize for outstanding scholarship in eighteenth-century studies. She is currently writing Sound Stuff: Words in Enlightenment Philosophy and Poetics.

  • Matthew Specter is an intellectual historian of modern Europe, Germany, and transatlantic relations whose research focuses on the modern history of international relations theory and international political thought. He is the author of two monographs, Habermas: An Intellectual Biography (Cambridge, 2010) and The Atlantic Realists: Empire and Political Thought Between Germany and the United States (Stanford, 2022). His articles and reviews have appeared History and Theory, Modern Intellectual History, Central European History, The Journal of Modern History, Constellations, Analyse und Kritik, and Global Studies Quarterly. He has published "What's 'Left' in Schmitt?" in the Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt (2016) and on “America First,” in Fascism in America: Past and Present (Cambridge, 2023). His theoretical interests include contemporary political theory, Critical Theory, post-narrativism, and the history of emotions. He is affiliated faculty with the Institute for International Studies at UC Berkeley and a Lecturer in History at Santa Clara University, where he teaches courses on the Holocaust, modern European history, political theory, and global history.

  • Christian Wachter is a postdoctoral research fellow of Digital History at Bielefeld University. His research and teaching focus on theory and methods of history, digital multimodal historiography, and digital techniques of historical research. After studying philosophy and history at the Universities of Hamburg and Goettingen, Christian Wachter received his PhD from the University of Goettingen in 2021 for his thesis on hypertext as a medium for digital historiography. In a current research project, he conducts digitally-assisted discourse analysis, examining political discourse in early twentieth-century Germany.

  • Marcus Wystub studied History, Social and Educational Sciences in the Master of Education at Bielefeld University and is currently starting his doctoral studies. For his master's degree, he worked on Jacques Derrida's hauntology and its relation to history, a subject he intends to develop further in his PhD project.